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氨(NH3)不仅是氮肥的主要成分，还可作为高能量密度无碳储氢介质，是现代工业中一种重要的化学物质。目前，工业化合成NH3仍以传统的Haber-Bosch工艺为主导。该工艺在高温高压的条件下运行，消耗大量的化石燃料，释放大量的二氧化碳(CO2)。近年来，越来越多的科研工作者开始关注由可再生能源驱动的电化学氮还原反应(nitrogen reduction reaction,NRR)合成NH3技术。然而，由于N≡N键的高解离能和N2的低溶解度，导致电化学NRR的产率和法拉第效率较低。硝酸盐(NO3~-)是常见的含氮污染物，因NO3~-具有较高的溶解度且N=O键具有较低的解离能，故可作为生产NH3的理想原料。本综述从电催化硝酸根还原反应(nitrate reduction reaction,NO_3RR)的机理出发，结合目前对NO_3RR电催化剂的研究现状进行系统介绍，并讨论了开发硝酸根还原催化剂的多种策略。最后，总结了电催化NO3~-还原技术面临的挑战和前景，以促进未来绿色可持续的大规模NH3合成。
Abstract：Ammonia(NH3) is not only the main component of nitrogen fertilizers but also serves as a high-energy-density carbon-free hydrogen storage medium, making it an important chemical substance in modern industry. Currently, industrial NH3 synthesis is still dominated by the traditional Haber-Bosch process. This process operates under high temperature and high-pressure conditions, consuming large amounts of fossil fuels and releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have focused on electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR) technology for NH3 synthesis driven by renewable energy. However, due to the high dissociation energy of the N≡N bond and the low solubility of N2, the yield and Faradaic efficiency of electrochemical NRR are relatively low. Nitrate(NO3~-) is a common nitrogen-containing pollutant. Because NO3~-has high solubility and the N=O bond has low dissociation energy, it can serve as an ideal raw material for NH3 production. Starting from the mechanism of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(NO3 RR), this review systematically introduces the current research status of NO3 RR electrocatalysts and discusses various strategies for developing nitrate reduction catalysts. Finally, the challenges and prospects of electrocatalytic NO3~-reduction technology are summarized to promote future green and sustainable large-scale NH3 synthesis.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.12194/j.ntu.20241210001
中图分类号:TQ113.26
引用信息:
[1]肖凯雯,张弛,陶章一,等.水性电解质中电催化硝酸根还原合成氨的研究进展[J].南通大学学报(自然科学版),2025,24(04):48-59.DOI:10.12194/j.ntu.20241210001.
基金信息:
空间电源全国重点实验室“源创”基金项目（YF07050123F2861）
2024-12-10
2024
2025-04-07
2025
2
2025-04-23
2025-04-23
2025-04-23